Cause and effect

On our material this time, we will discuss the material about the causation of acid rain. And here we will conduct a dialogue between friends about the cause of the acid rain. Well following the dialogue:

Luluul: Hi nadila i have one question for you, when elemental sulfur and nitrogen from industrial process is brought flying into atmosphere, then react with oxygen in air cause sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which will dissolve in rain water and then deposited to ground what effect will happen ?

Nadila : Hello uul, what happens is acid rain, and the effect of that acid rain is Acid rain looks and feels like ordinary rain. However, acid rain has a negative impact on humans. Because acid rain makes the soil toxic, plants grown on the soil are also contaminated. These contaminated foods can disrupt our system and even cause death. Acid rain can also contaminate drinking water causing health problems. Pollutants that acid rain contains can interact with the atmosphere and produce gas that can cause lung problems.

Luluul: It is true that we know that acid rain is rain that has a low acidity (pH) at every drop of water. Normal rain acidity states generally have 5.6 so it can be interpreted that if the rain has a pH less than 5.6 means acid rain

Nadila: How to detect acidity from acid rain?

Luluul: To measure acidity from acid rain can use measuring instrument from pH that is pH meter or universal indicator. To know the reaction of rain drops on rocks, can be done by direct dripping rain water on the desired rock. Frozen rocks and sedimentary rocks are rock samples that you can use to see the acid rain water reaction to rocks

Nadila: Oh so like that meknisme to detect acid rain, it's so acid rain as one of the serious problems to the environment need to be overcome in an integrated manner. So how to deal with acid rain so as not to have a serious impact on the environment? Because acid rain has a very detrimental impact

Luluul: Actually, many ways that can be done to overcome this. For example some of the ways that have been done in developed countries is to make industrial equipment formula that is able to neutralize pollutants before it gets to the air and reacts with oxygen in the air. The use of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) which is able to neutralize the sulfur before it reaches the air is one of the most popular ways to do today in the United States

Nadila: Well explanation that interesting ul now I have very understand about the acid rain rain, thank you

Luluul: Oke nad you are welcome

Chemicals in everyday life

Chemicals in everyday life

All substances with certain chemical content Contained in chemicals in everyday life, a lot of chemicalsthat we can encounter in our daily life, such as food, household needs and so forth

In the bath, you use a soap that contains cleaning chemicals. When your uniform is dirty, you use chemicals to whiten it. So is the perfume that you use to scent your body also contains chemicals. At night when going to bed, you use mosquito repellent to repel mosquitoes. Mosquito repellent also uses chemicals

1.Cleaners

Cleaners work to clean things in the household from dirt. There are several types of chemicals that can be used as a cleanser. For example, body cleansers, hair cleaners, motor and car cleaners, plate cleaners, clothes cleaners, and floor cleaners. Cleansers are known generally with detergents. Detergent function is to help dissolve fat or oil. You need to know that water and oils / fats can not be mixed so that it requires a substance that helps dissolve the oil and fat in water that is detergent. The soap you use for bathing has a cleaning power that is not as strong as a detergent to wash dishes.

2. Bleach

The whitening product serves to whiten stained white clothing that is difficult to clean with regular cleaners. In addition to whiten clothing, there is also a whitening product that serves to whiten face or body.

Side Effects of Bleach Usage

      - Clothing bleach materials generally contain chlorine compounds that can damage fabric fibers and clothing colors.

- Chlorine compounds can also cause skin irritation.

- Skin whitening ingredients that contain mercury or excessive mercury can damage the nervous system

Prevention

Prevention that can be done for the use of bleach, among others:

- Avoid using bleach types containing mercury.

- Only use bleach products if dirt or stains are difficult to remove by soap or detergent.

Side Effects of Bleach Usage

      - Clothing bleach materials generally contain chlorine compounds that can damage fabric fibers and clothing colors.

- Chlorine compounds can also cause skin irritation.

- Skin whitening ingredients that contain mercury or excessive mercury can damage the nervous system

Prevention Prevention that can be done for the use of bleach, among others: - Avoid using bleach types containing mercury. - Only use bleach products if dirt or stains are difficult to remove by soap or detergent.

3. Fragrance Fragrance products are used to scent the room or body. There are liquid perfume products, such as fragrances, room, and clothing. This liquid deodorant product is used by spraying it on parts of the body and room or soaking the clothes in the liquid perfume. In addition to the liquid, there is also a solid, like mothballs. How to use fragrance dense product, that is by storing it in open space. The scents used in deodorant are usually floral or fruit scents.

5. Insect repellent Insecticide or insecticide products are used to kill insects that damage or disrupt humans, such as mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches. Most of the insecticide products on the market are to eradicate mosquitoes. This product is commonly known as 'mosquito repellent'. Do you know products that can be used to eradicate mosquitoes or insects? This insecticide product exists in the form of solid and liquid. A liquid insecticide product is used by way of spraying it throughout the room with many insects.

6. Pesticides Pesticide-type chemicals are closely related to the lives of farmers. Pesticides are used to eradicate plant pests so as not to disrupt agricultural production. Pesticides commonly used by farmers can be classified according to function and target Its use, namely:

A. Insecticides, ie pesticides used to eradicate insects, such as grasshoppers, ladybirds, aphis, and caterpillars.

B. Fungicide, a pesticide used to eradicate and prevent the growth of mold or fungus.

C. Bactericide, ie pesticides to eradicate bacteria or viruses.

D. Rodenticide, a pesticide used to eradicate plant pests in the form of rodents, such as rodents.

 E. Herbicides, ie pesticides used to eradicate weeds (weeds), such as reeds, grasses, and water hyacinths.

Narrative dialogue between students and teachers with five elements of a scientific approach

Narrative About Electrochemical Cells

In the afternoon the class XII IPA 4 suddenly tense, because the teacher suddenly gave an impromptu quiz but most students have not understood the material presented so as to cause a long silence

Teacher:     All students, don’t you understand about the electrolysis cell matter we have been learned today?

(All the students were silent)

Teacher:     Why are you just silent? I assume to have understood. Okay then we will test your understanding, if nobody wants to ask.

(The student is restless, until in the end, the student asks a question).

Student1:    Miss (raise his hand) I still do not quite understand.

Teacher:     Good, at least you will be stalling the test time for a while. What do you not understand about the material of electrolysis cell this time?

Student1:    I still find it difficult to understand the reactions that occur in Anode and Cathode when using a not-inert electrode?

Teacher:     Okay, so here we go. The electrolysis cell is the decomposition of an electrode by the presence of an electric current. When an electrolyte is electrolyzed, the electron breaks down into cation and anions. The use of electrodes is itself seen from what substances will be electrolyzed.

Student2:    Then what about the not-inert electrode Miss?

Teacher:    All right, nama. I will explain to you slowly so you can understand. About electrolysis cell is it clear??? Anton and the others ???

Student1:    I understand Mrs, so the electrolysis depends on the substance to be dissolved?

Teacher:     Great! if you already understand. The inert electrode is comprised of three, they are Pt, C, Au which cannot oxidize. So when it is electrolyzed using this electrode, the oxidizing agent is H₂0, provided that the reacting agent is reacted is the residual oxy acid.

Student3:    But Mrs, why only H₂0? then what about electrolysis of  MgCl₂ solution???

Teacher:     Hmmm, look like this. So why do we use H₂0, because that oxidized residue of oxyic acid for example SO₄^2-, NO^3-etc. And when the oxidized in anode is a single anion, for example, Cl^-, F^-, Br^- then it will undergo oxidation of the anion itself.

Student3:    Hmm so Mrs, we should also look at the use of the electrodes themselves when a substance is known?

Teacher:     Yes son, adding a little explanation of electrolysis, the electrolysis cell itself has three characteristics. the first one is the presence of electrolyte solution containing free ions. The second is the existence of two electrons in the cell electrolysis then the presence of an external electric current source, such as batteries that drain direct current

Student1:    What the meaning of the free ion Mrs?

Teacher:    So free ion is an ion that can give or receive electron so that electron can flow through solution.

Student1:    Thank you Mrs. Well, now I understand.

Teacher  : Okay if you understand then we will start the test of understanding test

Problem 1. A solution of Bacl2 is electrolysed using pt electrode then what substance will be formed in cathode and anode?

Problem 2. A molten Na2so4 is electrolysed using Au-electrode then write the equation of the dianode and cathode reaction?

Student 1   : Bacl2 solution using pt electrode

Cathode     : 2H2o + 2e -> H2 + 2OH-

Anode         : 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e

Melt Na2so4

Cathode     : 2H2o + 2e -> H2 + 2OH-

Anode        : 2H2o -> o2 + 4H ++ 4e

Student 2   : Bacl2 solution using pt electrode

Cathode     : 2H2o + 2e -> H2 + 2OH-

Anode        : 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e

Melt Na2so4

Cathode     : 2H2o + 2e -> H2 + 2OH-

Anode        : 2H2o -> o2 + 4H ++ 4e

Student 3   : Bacl2 solution using pt electrode

Cathode     : 2H2o + 2e -> H2 + 2OH-

Anode        : 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e

Melt Na2so4

Cathode     : 2H2o + 2e -> H2 + 2OH-

Anode        : 2H2o -> o2 + 4H ++ 4e

Teacher: your answers are all right, so Mrs thinks matter about electrolysis is done.

link video youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZezWv3eN-4&t=15s

VOCABULARY

NO	VOCABULARY	MEANING	EXPLANATION
1.	Solution	Larutan	Homogeneous mixture consisting of two or more substances
2.	Temperature	Suhu	An esum that expresses the degree of cold heat of an object and the means used to measure temperature is a thermometer.
3.	Mix	Campuran	The result of mechanical mixing or mixing of chemicals such as elements and compounds, without chemical unification or other chemical changes
4.	Equilibrium	Kesetimbangan	A state when the concentration of the reactant and the product does not change with time
5.	Molecular mass	Massa molekul	The molecular weight or so-called relative molecule (Mr) is the weight of a molecule in units of atomic mass (sma)
6.	Molarity	Molaritas	A solution represents the number of moles of a substance per liter of solution
7.	Solute	Zat terlarut	Substances that are fewer in solution
8.	Solven	Zat pelarut	Substances which are more numerous than other substances in solution
9.	Compound	Senyawa	Pure chemicals consisting of two or more elements which can be broken down into their constituent elements by chemical reactions
10.	Atom	Atom	A basic unit of matter, composed of atomic nuclei and a cloud of negatively charged electrons that surround it
11.	Enthalpy	Entalpi	A term in thermodynamics that states the amount of energy of a thermodynamic system
12.	energy	Energy	Ability to do business
13.	Volume	Volume	Calculating how much space can be occupied in an object
14.	Electron	Electron	The subatomic particles are negatively charged and are generally written as e-
15.	Molecule	Molekul	As a group of atoms (at least two) that are strongly bonded together (covalently) in a particular arrangement and are neutral and fairly stable
16.	Charge	Muatan	The basic charge that an object possesses, which makes it experience force on another adjacent object and also has an electrical charge.
17.	Cathode	Katoda	the pole of the electrode in polarized electrochemical cell if the pole is positively charged (so that the electric current will flow out of it
18.	Anode	Anoda	Electrodes, may be metals or other electrical conductors, in polarized electrochemical cells if electric current flows into them
19.	Electrode	Elektroda	Conductors used to come into contact with parts or non-metallic media of a circuit (eg semiconductors
20.	Cell potencial	Potensial sel	The force required to push the electrons through the internal circuit (the salt bridge)
21.	Electrolysis	Elektrolisis	Dissociating an electrolyte into an ion on the electrode in the presence of an electric current. Electrical conduction through an electrolyte solution will result in a chemical change
22.	Ion	Ion	An atom or a set of electrically charged atoms. Negatively charged ions, which capture one or more electrons, are called anions, because they are attracted toward the anode
23.	Anion	Anion	An atom or a set of electrically charged atoms
24.	Electrochemistry	Elektrokimia	A chemical branch that studies chemical reactions that take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (metal or semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (electrolyte), and involves the transfer of electrons between the electrode and the electrolyte or the like in solution
25.	Hydrocarbon	Hidrokarbon	A compound consisting of elements of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
26.	Radioisotope	Radioisotope	Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
27.	Electronegativity	keelektronegatifan	The tendency of an atom to be negatively charged or to capture electrons from other atoms
28.	Particle	Partikel	Elementary particles are the particles; Other larger particles are formed
29.	Matter	Materi	Any object or material that needs space, whose amount is measured by a property called mass.
30.	Endhotermic reaction	Reaksi eksoterm	Reactions that release the heat (occurs heat transfer from the environmental system
31.	Exotermic reaction	Reaksi endoterm	A reaction that absorbs heat (there is a movement of heat from the environment to the system
32.	Kinetics	Kinetika	A science that discusses the rate (speed) and reaction mechanism.
33.	Corrosion	Korosi	Damage or degradation of metals due to a redox reaction between a metal and various substances in the environment resulting in undesirable compounds
34.	Hydrolysis	Hidrolisis	Chemical reactions that break down water molecules (H2O) into hydrogen cations (H +) and hydroxide anions (OH-) through a chemical process.
35.	Buffer solution	Larutan penyangga	A solution composed of an acid or a weak base with an acid or a conjugate base.
36.	Osmotic pressure	Tekanan osmotik	The necessary equipments to stop osmosis
37.	Covalent compounds	Senyawa kovalen	At which is formed when two or more different elements join the covalent bond
38.	Pressure	Tekanan	Physics to declare force (F) per unit area (A)
39.	Distillation	Penyulingan	A chemical separation method based on the difference in velocity or volatility of materials
40.	Fitration	Penyaringan	Separation process from a heterogeneous mixture containing liquids and solid particles using a filter medium which only passes liquids and holds solid particles.